This gave the English time to gather an army. [84], Lord Dacre discovered the body of James IV on the battlefield. [127] A number were funded by an £887,300 Heritage Lottery Fund grant[128] including the expansion of the Flodden 1513 Ecomuseum and archaeology, documentary research and education projects, exhibitions and a solemn commemoration. Fulfilling his commitments under the ‘auld alliance’, James IV of Scotland invaded northern England but was defeated and killed at the Battle of Flodden … Battle of Flodden - Background: Seeking to honor the Auld Alliance with France, King James IV of Scotland declared war on England in 1513. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Each year, the neighbouring Scottish town of Coldstream marks the Battle of Flodden by a traditional horse-ride to the battlefield and then having a service to mark all those who perished during the fight during the town's "Civic Week"—held in the first week of August. [98], A legend arose that James had been warned against invading England by supernatural powers. [120][121] These names include Adam Hacket, husband of Helen Mason.[122]. As other English formations overcame the Scottish forces they had initially engaged, they moved to reinforce their leader. Lesley, John, Cody ed., Dalrymple trans., J. Mackie, 'The English Army at Flodden', in. He declared: And now, for a conclusion, recommend me to your master and tell him if he be so hardy to invade my realm or cause to enter one foot of my ground I shall make him as weary of his part as ever was man that began any such business. This committee was intended to rule in the name of Margaret Tudor and her son James V of Scotland. https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Flodden, How Stuff Works - History - Battle of Flodden Field. In the meantime, he positioned his troops in dead ground from where he hoped that the Scots could not assess the size of his force. [113], A number of subsequent property transactions give names of the fallen. Hall says that the armoured front line was mostly unaffected; this is confirmed by the ballads which note that some few Scots were wounded in the scalp and, wrote Hall, James IV sustained a significant arrow wound. Their King was the gold piece, England the trickster, and Thomas Howard the halfpenny. A list of horses taken at the field runs to 24 pages. The English army lost around 1,500 men, whereas the Scottish army up to 17,000, according to the Scotsman. [54] The English artillery consisted of light field guns of rather old-fashioned design, typically firing a ball of only about 1 pound (0.45 kg), but they were easily handled and capable of rapid fire. [32] By 28 August, Surrey had arrived at Durham Cathedral where he was presented with the banner of Saint Cuthbert, which had been carried by the English in victories against the Scots in 1138 and 1346. Angered, Henry said that James had no right to summon him, and ought to be England's ally, as James was married to his (Henry's) sister, Margaret. [20] On hearing of the invasion on 3 September, she ordered Thomas Lovell to raise an army in the Midland counties. King James IV of Scotland, the commander of the Scottish army at the Battle of Flodden in 1513; his death at the battle, with many of his nobles and soldiers, plunged Scotland into crisis for many years Date of the Battle of Flodden: 9th September 1513 We can’t be sure how many men were involved in the clash – the Battlefields Trust estimates that James’s army numbered between 35,000 and 40,000, while the Earl of Surrey brought 26,000 men. The Auld Alliance, as it was known, proved to have disastrous consequences when, in 1513, James IV invaded England on Aug. 22, 1513, in support of his French ally. Tuke reckoned the total Scottish invasion force to have been 60,000 and the English army at 40,000. [53] A reserve of mounted Borderers commanded by Thomas, Baron Dacre, positioned to the rear. James sent Angus home, and according to Holinshed, the Earl burst into tears and left, leaving his two sons, the Master of Angus and Glenbervie, with most of the Douglas kindred to fight. Surrey saved his son from disaster by ordering the intervention of Dacre's light horsemen, who were able to approach unobserved in the dead ground that had been exploited earlier by the vanguard. Brian Tuke, the English Clerk of the Signet, sent a newsletter stating 10,000 Scots killed and 10,000 escaped the field. This was the last time that bill and pike would come together as equals in battle. He complained that James had sent his Islay Herald agreeing that they would j… This gave the English troops the chance to bring about a close-quarter battle, for which they were better equipped. The outnumbered English battle was forced back and elements of it began to run off. He later wrote that the Scots "love me worst of any Englishman living, by reason that I fande the body of the King of Scots. [83] Thomas Lord Darcy retrieved a powder flask belonging to James IV and gave it to Henry VIII. It depicts and names the archers and their priest in stained glass. [36], The Earl of Surrey, writing at Wooler Haugh on Wednesday 7 September, compared this position to a fortress in a challenge sent to James IV by his herald, Thomas Hawley, the Rouge Croix Pursuivant. THE BATTLE According to the chivalrous practice of the time, James and Surrey set a time and place to fight. [112], After Flodden many Scottish nobles are believed to have been brought to Yetholm for interment, as being the nearest consecrated ground in Scotland. The full Parliament of Scotland met at Stirling Castle on 21 October, where the 17-month-old King was crowned in the Chapel Royal. [47] The Scottish artillery, consisting mainly of heavy siege guns, included five great curtals and two great culverins (known as "the Seven Sisters"), together with four sakers, and six great serpentines. As the army mustered, it transitioned from the traditional Scottish spear to the modern European pike which … The Battle of Flodden Field took place near the village of Branxton in Northumberland on Sept 9, 1513. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. ..., It must be borne in mind that it is only the King's vassals or tenants who left heirs in lands in the comparatively small portion of Scotland then held by the King, whose names can be expected to appear in the present Accounts. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [82] The Earl of Arundel was painted by Philip Fruytiers, following Anthony van Dyck's 1639 composition, with his ancestor's sword, gauntlet and helm from Flodden. Prior to the battle the Scots were based at Flodden Edge, which is how it became known as the Battle of Flodden. Albany, who lived in France, came to Scotland on 26 May 1515. In September 1513, the largest battle between England and Scotland took place. The Battle of Flodden Field, Northumberland, 1513. [9] The fleet of twenty two vessels commanded by James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran, departed from the Firth of Forth on 25 July accompanied by James as far as the Isle of May, intending to pass around the north of Scotland and create a diversion in Ireland before joining the French at Brest, from where it might cut the English line of communication across the English Channel. Militarily the battle is very important, and has been described as the last great medieval battle that took place in the British Isles. [13] Using the pretext of revenge for the murder of Robert Kerr, a Warden of the Scottish East March who had been killed by John "The Bastard" Heron in 1508, James invaded England with an army of about 30,000 men. In 1513, King Henry VIII of England declared war on France and invaded the country. [69] The English generals stayed behind the lines in the Renaissance style. On his right, facing Hume and Huntley, was a battle composed of men from Cheshire, Lancashire and Yorkshire, commanded by Surrey's third son, Lord Edmund Howard. Once the line was disrupted, the long pikes became an unwieldy encumbrance, and the Scots began to drop them "so that it seemed as if a wood were falling down" according to a later English poem. Ever anxious to protect themselves against their old enemy, the English, the Scots formed an alliance with France in 1295. The Quincentennial of the battle in 2013 was commemorated by a programme of projects and events bringing together communities from both sides of the border. [63], The fierce fighting continued, centred on the contest between Surrey and James. The Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, a record of royal income, also gives names of the fallen. Once across the border, a detachment turned south to attack Wark on Tweed Castle, while the bulk of the army followed the course of the Tweed downstream to the northeast to invest the remaining border castles. Let us know. Welcome to Flodden, Northumberland Being close to the Scottish border this area has witnessed many battles between the English and Scots over the centuries. In 1513 Europe was in turmoil. The battle actually took place near the village of Branxton, in the county of Northumberland, rather than at Flodden—hence the alternative name is Battle of Branxton. Corrections? The English infantry were equipped with traditional pole weapons, mostly bills which were the favoured pole arm of the English infantry. The Battle of Flodden was especially devastating for Scotland, which lost much of its nobility —as well as King James IV himself, marking the last time a British king died in battle. [107] George Buchanan wrote in his History of Scotland (published in 1582) that, according to the lists that were compiled throughout the counties of Scotland, there were about 5,000 killed. Besides the names in the following list, there are many other instances of Sasines taken in favour of the heirs of persons whom we know from other sources to have died at Flodden. On 27 August, she issued warrants for the property of all Scotsmen in England to be seized. On 19 August two gross culverins, four culverins pickmoyance and six (mid-sized) culverins moyane followed with the gunner Robert Borthwick and master carpenter John Drummond. Surrey had 500 soldiers with him and was to be joined at Newcastle by 1,000 experienced soldiers and sailors with their artillery, who would arrive by sea under the command of Surrey's son, also called Thomas Howard, the Lord High Admiral of England. [17] Whether the raid was undertaken solely on Lord Home's initiative, or whether it had been authorised by James is unknown. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}55°37′37″N 2°10′31″W / 55.62693°N 2.1753°W / 55.62693; -2.1753, Battle fought in 1513 during the War of the League of Cambrai between England and Scotland, Names of Scottish casualties from property records. [60] As they struggled to cross the waterlogged ground, the Scots lost the cohesion and momentum on which pike formations depended for success. The pike was an effective weapon only in a battle of movement, especially to withstand a cavalry charge. Conflict began when James IV, King of Scots, declared war on England to honour the Auld Alliance with France by diverting Henry's English troops from their campaign against the French king, Louis XII. A number of names collected from the manuscript, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Alexander Elphinstone, 1st Lord Elphinstone, William Cunningham, 1st Laird of Craigends, Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, "Remembering Flodden | Map of the Battle", 18th-century print, National Portrait Gallery, "Influence of the pre-reformation church on Scottish place-names", "Rotuli scaccarii regum Scotorum = The Exchequer rolls of Scotland", "World's oldest war memorial nears milestone". [28], A later Scottish chronicle writer, Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie, tells the story that James wasted valuable time at Ford enjoying the company of Elizabeth, Lady Heron and her daughter. [91], James's banner, sword and his cuisses, thigh-armour, were taken to the shrine of Saint Cuthbert at Durham Cathedral. [51], Upon Surrey's arrival, he deployed his troops on the forward slope of Piper Hill to match the Scottish dispositions. [30] Raphael Holinshed's story is that a part of the Scottish army returned to Scotland, and the rest stayed at Ford waiting for Norham to surrender and debating their next move. The battlefield still looks much as it probably did at the time of the battle, but the burn and marsh which so badly hampered the Scots advance is now drained. Henry was in France with the Emperor Maximilian at the siege of Thérouanne. [34], On Sunday 4 September, James and the Scottish army had taken up a position at Flodden Edge, a hill to the south of Branxton. At the behest of King Louis XII of France, who was coming under increasing pressure from the forces of Henry VIII, France was drawn into a new war with England. Of the central battles one was commanded Thomas Howard, the Lord Admiral and the other by Surrey. [88] From York, a city that James had promised to capture before Michaelmas,[89] the body was brought to Sheen Priory near London. [45], James's army, somewhat reduced from the original 42,000 by sickness and desertion, still amounted to about 34,000, outnumbering the English force by 8,000. [42] At 5 am on the morning of Friday, 9 September, after a damp night on short rations and having to drink water from streams because the beer had run out, Surrey's men set off westwards to complete their manoeuvre. The most significant was this one, the Battle of Branxton Moor or The Battle of Flodden as it is more commonly known. There was also a large contingent of well-trained archers armed with the English longbow. That on the left wing was commanded by the Earls of Home and Huntley and consisted of a combination of Borderers and Highlanders. Many of these soldiers wore green and white Tudor colours. Auld Alliance - Wikipedia In 1513, James invaded England to honour his commitment to the Auld Alliance , only to meet death and disaster at the Battle of Flodden . "[68] Brounhill's instructions blame James IV for moving down the hill to attack the English on marshy ground from a favourable position, and credits the victory to Scottish inexperience rather than English valour. [2] A plaque on the monument to the 2nd Duke of Norfolk (as the Earl of Surrey became in 1514) at Thetford put the figure at 17,000. [55], At about 4 pm on Friday in wet and windy weather, James began the battle with an artillery duel; however, James's big guns did not perform as well as he had hoped. J. D. Mackie, 'The English Army at Flodden' in. [71] A version of Howard's declaration to James IV that he would lead the vanguard and take no prisoners was included in later English chronicle accounts of the battle. '[75] The infantrymen at Flodden, both Scots and English, had fought essentially like their ancestors, and Flodden has been described as the last great medieval battle in the British Isles. All crossed the River Till to be on the same side as the Scots. [80] The Duke's descendants presented the College of Arms with a sword, a dagger and a turquoise ring in 1681. [48] These modern weapons fired an iron ball weighing up to 66 pounds (30 kg) to a range of 2,000 yards (1,800 m). [102] Now that James IV was dead, Antoine d'Arces promoted the appointment of John Stewart, Duke of Albany, a grandson of James II of Scotland as Regent to rule Scotland instead of Margaret and her son. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. [87]) The body was then embalmed and taken to Newcastle upon Tyne. [39] Waiting for James to make a move was not an option because his 26,000 strong army desperately needed resupply, the convoy of wagons bringing food and beer for the troops from Newcastle having been ambushed and looted by local Englishmen. The first captains were recruited in Lambeth. [5] Flodden marks a watershed in military history, for it was the last major battle in which the longbow played a part, and one of the first in which artillery played a major role. The Scots had previously been stationed at Flodden Edge, to the south of Branxton. Simon Adams is a historian and writer living and working in London. These contemporary sources include; the Articles of the Bataill bitwix the Kinge of Scottes and therle of Surrey in Brankstone Field said to be a field despatch; Brian Tuke's news-letter to Cardinal Bainbridge; an Italian poem, La Rotta de Scosesi in part based on Tuke's letters; a news-sheet printed in London, The Trewe Encountre; another lost news-sheet printed by Richard Pynson which was the source used in Edward Hall's Chronicle. Information, downloads, eShop and forum. A monument, erected in 1910, is easily reached from Branxton village by following the road past St Paul's Church. [86] Dacre took the body to Berwick-upon-Tweed, where according to Hall's Chronicle, it was viewed by the captured Scottish courtiers William Scott and John Forman who acknowledged it was the King's. The Battle of Flodden was fought on the 9th September 1513 near the village of Branxton, in Northumberland when a Scottish army under the command of king James IV of Scotland invaded England in support of their French alliance as king Henry VIII of England was otherwised engaged on the continent.. Surrey covered his move with a longrange artillery bombardment and archery volleys from the English longbowmen. Some of the guns had been returned to use against the Scots by Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy. These articles have not yet undergone the rigorous in-house editing or fact-checking and styling process to which most Britannica articles are customarily subjected. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [94] Catherine suggested Henry should use the coat as his battle-banner, and wrote she had thought to send him the body too, as Henry had sent her the Duke of Longueville, his prisoner from Thérouanne, but "Englishmen's hearts would not suffer it. Annual event with commemorative rideout to the Flodden Memorial, A monument of the Battle of Flodden, Pastscape, Sir Walter Scott's account of the Laird of Muirhead's role protecting James IV in the Battle of Flodden, Flodden 1513 communities Ecomuseum project, Flodden 1513, the remembering Flodden project, Flodden 500 years anniversary (2013): Follow the community archaeological project excavating in and around Flodden battlefield, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&oldid=1015178691, Registered historic battlefields in England, 16th-century military history of Scotland, Short description with empty Wikidata description, Articles needing additional references from September 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing additional references from March 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Sir Iain (John) MacFarlane 11th Baron of Arrochar, 8th Chief of Clan MacFarlane, Sir William Cockburn of Langton and his eldest son and heir Alexander, Archibald Graham, 3rd of Garvock – King James' cousin, Alexander Guthrie of Kincaldrum, and his son David, David, William, and George Lyon. At this time, England was involved as a member of the "Catholic League" in the War of the League of Cambrai, defending Italy and the Pope from the French, a part of the Italian Wars). The battle began with an artillery duel followed by a downhill advance by Scottish infantry armed with pikes. With Sai Bennett, Alicia Borrachero, Andrew Buchan, Laura Carmichael. King James IV of Scotland then promptly declared war on his old enemy and headed south in an attempt to divert Henry’s attention away from France. Battle of Flodden Battle of Flodden & Rule of James IV. [81] There is some doubt whether the weapons are of the correct period. [46] The Scottish infantry had been equipped with 18 feet (5.5 m) long pikes by their French allies; a new weapon which had proved devastating in continental Europe, but required training, discipline and suitable terrain to use effectively. [21], In keeping with his understanding of the medieval code of chivalry, King James sent notice to the English, one month in advance, of his intent to invade. The Battle of Flodden, Flodden Field, or occasionally Branxton, (Brainston Moor ) was a battle fought on 9 September 1513 during the War of the League of Cambrai between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, resulting in an English victory. The Battle of Flodden, Flodden Field, or occasionally Branxton, (Brainston Moor[4]) was a battle fought on 9 September 1513 during the War of the League of Cambrai between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, resulting in an English victory. [26] By 29 August after a siege of six days, Bishop Thomas Ruthall's Norham Castle was taken and partly demolished after the Scottish heavy artillery had breached the recently refurbished outer walls. Published by Thames & Hudson Ltd. 2005. Only the chancel arch remains of the medieval church where James IV's body was said to have rested after the battle—the rest is Victorian, dating from 1849 in the "Norman" style. In the Responde Books the earlier Sasines (property documents) are silent as to the campaign. In the meantime, more information about the article and the author can be found by clicking on the author’s name. [66] He was the last monarch to die in warfare in the British Isles. On 13 August, they prepared an ambush for the Scots as they returned north laden with the spoils of their looting, by hiding in the broom bushes that grew shoulder-high on Milfield Plain. [35] The amount of fortification which James constructed on the hill is disputed; several antiquaries had mapped supposed ramparts and bastions there over the centuries, but excavations conducted between 2009 and 2015 found no trace of 16th century work and concluded that James may have reused some features of an Iron age hill fort. [12], Henry also replied by letter on 12 August, writing that James was mistaken and that any of his attempts on England would be resisted. King Henry VIII of England acceded to the throne in 1509 and from the outset was keen to secure England’s position on the Continental stage. The Scots had previously been stationed at Flodden Edge, to the south of Branxton. The battle was mentioned because of the declaration James IV had made at Twiselhaugh respecting the heritage of the heirs of potential casualties, which waived feudal fees. Ever anxious to protect themselves against their old enemy, the English, the Scots … [59], In the meantime, James had observed Home and Huntley's initial success and ordered the advance of the next battle in line, commanded by Errol, Crawford and Montrose. The third was commanded by James himself together with his son Alexander and the Earls of Cassillis, Rothes and Caithness. Directed by Chanya Button. Surrey's army therefore carried out a circuitous march to position themselves in the rear of the Scottish camp. This was the last time the longbow played a decisive role in battle, and the first time artillery proved crucial in Britain. [18], On 18 August, five cannon brought down from Edinburgh Castle to the Netherbow Port at St Mary's Wynd for the invasion set off towards England dragged by borrowed oxen. Some sources state that there was a fifth battle acting as a reserve, perhaps commanded by the Earl of Bothwell. James also summoned sailors and sent the Scottish navy, including the Great Michael, to join the ships of Louis XII of France. It is likely that this division was done to make the crossing easier, though it made them vulnerable to being picked off piece by piece.Having crossed the river and got around the Scottish flanks, the English lined up around Branxton.Seeing the English maneuvers, James realized that his opponents might take the high ground on Branxton Hill. [5] In terms of troop numbers, it was the largest battle fought between the two kingdoms.[6]. [6] However, both sides had been making lengthy preparations for this conflict. Losses: English, 1,500 of 26,000; Scottish, 10,000 of 30,000. These were feudal tenants who held their lands from the King, and would pay their dues directly to the exchequer. Contemporary accounts put this down to the difficulty for the Scots of shooting downhill, but another factor must have been that their guns had been hastily sited instead of the careful emplacement which was usually required for such heavy weapons, further slowing their ponderous rate of fire. "Sunset at Noon" by Jane Oliver (1955) a fictional account of the life of James IV. By the time the battle ended that evening, some 10,000 Scots lay dead, including James IV and most of his leading nobles. [2] Edward Hall, thirty years after, wrote in his Chronicle that "12,000 at the least of the best gentlemen and flower of Scotland" were slain.[108]. …the earl of Surrey at Flodden (1513) against a Scottish invasion. The battle was originally known (to the English at least) as the battle of Branxton Moor, … The Battle of Flodden or Flodden Field, or occasionally Battle of Branxton (Brainston Moor), was part of a conflict between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland.The battle was fought in Branxton in the county of Northumberland in northern England on 9 September 1513, between an invading Scots army under King James IV and an English army commanded by the Earl of Surrey. The Crossword Solver found 20 answers to the Henry the ___ , English Tudor monarch in whose reign the Battle of Flodden took place in 1513 (6) crossword clue. The names of landless men or those who held their lands from a landlord would not appear in this record. The success of the Cheshire yeomanry, under the command of Richard Cholmeley, led to his later appointment as Lieutenant of the Tower of London.[79]. There is a small car park and a clearly marked and signposted battlefield trail with interpretive boards which make it easy to visualise the battle. The eventual result was a stalemate in which both sides stood off from each other and played no further part in the battle. Enter the answer length or the answer pattern to get better results. [62] The last English formation to engage was Stanley's force, after following a circuitous route from Barmoor, finally arrived on the right of the Scottish line and unleashed volleys of arrows into the Argyll and Lennox's battle who lacked armour or any other effective defence against the archers; after suffering heavy casualties the Highlanders scattered. Charters was kept and published as the previous attack, James 's posthumous son Alexander and the author of King. 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