Further work is required to help businesses and investors measure their impacts and dependencies on biodiversity, and the risks and opportunities these entail. According to the 2020 Global Risks Report, global experts and decision makers perceive biodiversity loss to be among the five greatest risks facing society (WEF, 2020[50]). 2021-03-30 Agricultural production slumps to 2016 levels [27] Patz, J. and S. Olson (2006), Malaria risk and temperature: Influences from global climate change and local land use practices, National Academy of Sciences, http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601493103. [23] Yomiko Vittor, A. et al. (2020), “Will COVID-19 fiscal recovery packages accelerate or retard progress on climate change?”, Oxford University Press, Oxford. [45] Dobson, A. et al. (2003), “The ecology of infectious disease: Effects of host diversity and community composition on lyme disease risk”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 100/2, pp. 567-571, http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0233733100. [58] People’s Republic of China (2020), Decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China, http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c30834/202002/c56b129850aa42acb584cf01ebb68ea4.shtml (accessed on 1 September 2020). [44] Mace, G. Land-use change and wildlife exploitation increase infectious disease risk by bringing people and domestic animals in close proximity to pathogen-carrying wildlife, and by disrupting the ecological processes that keep diseases in check. (2015), Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: Report of the Rockefeller Foundation-Lancet Commission on planetary health, Lancet Publishing Group, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1. ← 14. revapi1 = tpj("#rev_slider_1_1").show().revolution({ Work is underway at the OECD to strengthen the biodiversity component of RBC guidelines. (2015), “Targeting Transmission Pathways for Emerging Zoonotic Disease Surveillance and Control”. The Brief concludes with policy recommendations on how governments can better integrate biodiversity into their COVID-19 stimulus measures and broader recovery efforts. (2006), “Rarity Value and Species Extinction: The Anthropogenic Allee Effect”. A study released during the COVID-19 pandemic estimates that spending of USD 260 billion per year over ten years on measures such as combatting deforestation, improving management of global wildlife trade, ending the wild meat trade in China and improving disease surveillance in wild and domestic animals, would substantially reduce the risk of another pandemic. climate change, waste management, water and air pollution etc.) (2009), “Biodiversity Loss Affects Global Disease Ecology”, BioScience, Vol. 59/11, pp. 945-954, http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2009.59.11.6. In addition to COVID-19, examples of emerging zoonotic diseases that have caused human health crises include Ebola, avian influenza, sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (2006), “Nipah virus: Impact, origins, and causes of emergence”. This Policy Brief focuses on the vital role of biodiversity for human life and the importance of integrating biodiversity considerations into the recovery from the COVID-19 crisis. [22] Brownstein, J. et al. India - As part of the INR 20 trillion (USD 0.27 trillion) recovery package, the Indian government is channelling INR 60 billion (USD 0.8 billion) through its Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority to provide jobs for tribal communities in forest management, wildlife protection and other related activities (BFSI News, 2020[62]). While some countries have taken measures to integrate biodiversity into COVID-19 stimulus packages and recovery plans, much more could be done. [111] Lerner, H. and C. Berg (2017), “A comparison of three holistic approaches to health: One health, ecohealth, and planetary health”, Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol. 4/SEP, http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2017.00163. Human pressure on biodiversity increases the risk of infectious disease. Generalist and opportunistic species (e.g. [82] OECD (2018), OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Business Conduct, OECD Publishing, https://mneguidelines.oecd.org/COVID-19-and-Responsible-Business-Conduct.pdf. S Cork, D Hall, K Liljebjelke (editors). }else{ Unemployment is estimated to reach 9.4% by the end of 2020 in OECD countries and remain at 7.7% in 2021 (OECD, 2020[3]). The Ministry of State for National Council (FNC) Affairs was established by Federal Decree No. Selected examples are: Canada - Canada is spending CAD 1.7 billion (USD 1.3 billion) to clean up orphaned or inactive oil and gas wells, with the aim of providing thousands of jobs and achieving lasting environmental benefits (Government of Canada, 2020[60]). Furthermore, it is estimated that between 405 and 4 064 species currently not traded have traits that make them at risk of being traded in the future (Scheffers et al., 2019[38]). The Brief first outlines how biodiversity loss is a key driver of emerging infectious diseases and poses a variety of other growing risks to businesses, society and the global economy. airline and coal companies). This could be achieved by lender countries offering lower interest rates and principal repayments in return for increasing biodiversity protection (Zadek, 2020[102]). Pollution prevention and control, 6. Restoring 15% of degraded ecosystems in the European Union would create an estimated 20 000 to 70 000 full-time jobs (Eftec et al., 2017[54]). One Health17 has emerged as a holistic, interdisciplinary approach to address such complex challenges. [85] OECD (2020), Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2020, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/928181a8-en. Issued on February 11, 2006, the decree provided for the formation of the Council of Ministers, including, for the first time, a Minister dedicated to tending to the affairs of the Federal National Council. The Chakwera library system offers students access to over 22, 000 volumes of textbooks, and over 50 periodicals and journals. China and Viet Nam, for example, have introduced measures to regulate wildlife trade in order to reduce the associated human health risks. Despite these dependencies, economic activities continue to have a significant negative impact on biodiversity. bailouts for polluting companies without environmental conditions) outweighs financial flows to these sectors that is potentially beneficial (e.g. 5 M Publishing, 2016. The biodiversity/ecosystem criteria is due to be developed by the end of 2021. ← 11. debugMode:false, (2018), “Biological responses to the press and pulse of climate trends and extreme events”, Nature Climate Change, Vol. 8/7, pp. 579-587, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0187-9. The work of the newly established Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosure could help to achieve this. h_offset:20, EUR  550  billion over 2021-27), which may also benefit biodiversity by addressing one of the key drivers of biodiversity loss. The Engineering Services Examination (ESE) is conducted to recruit officers for the services which cater to the technical functions of the Government of India in the field of engineering.Many candidates take the exams, competing for a limited number of posts. (2003), “The ecology of infectious disease: Effects of host diversity and community composition on lyme disease risk”. [107] Johnson, P. et al. For a more in-depth discussion of COVID-19 and RBC, see OECD’s policy brief on COVID-19 and Responsible Business Conduct. Not all of these regulatory changes are permanent; however, even temporary changes could lead to an increase in biodiversity-harmful activities and set a dangerous precedent for rolling back hard-fought-for environmental regulations. (2020), “Zoonotic host diversity increases in human-dominated ecosystems”. Businesses and the finance sector have a critical role in delivering a recovery that is sustainable and green. Subsequent decisions in February by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress permanently prohibit commercial breeding and trade in most terrestrial wild animal species for the purposes of consumption as food (People’s Republic of China, 2020[58]).9 Viet Nam presented a new Prime Minister’s Directive that outlines responsibilities for eight national-level ministries to strengthen the implementation and enforcement of wildlife policies (Tatarski, 2020[59]). Changes in forest canopy structure can influence the density and diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes. Meanwhile, an estimated 24% of the world’s more than 31 500 terrestrial bird, mammal, amphibian, and squamate (scaled) reptile species are traded globally (legally or illegally) (Scheffers et al., 2019[38]). These and other effects have contributed to population declines. [21] Allan, B., F. Keesing and R. Ostfeld (2003), “Effect of forest fragmentation on lyme disease risk”. Biodiversity1 and human infectious diseases are intricately linked. [55] Reuters (2020), IMF says $10 trillion spent to combat pandemic, far more needed, https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-imf/imf-says-10-trillion-spent-to-combat-pandemic-far-more-needed-idUKKBN23I28X. With companies redesigning operations and supply chains to address the crisis, now is also a good time to promote the uptake of responsible business conduct (RBC) standards and tools.13 OECD’s Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (OECD, 2011[81]) and OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Business Conduct (OECD, 2018[82]) could help guide these efforts. Protection of healthy ecosystems. [22] Brownstein, J. et al. Coca Cola Driving Jobs in Kenya. [3] OECD (2020), OECD Economic Outlook, Volume 2020 Issue 1, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/0d1d1e2e-en. United Kingdom - The UK has launched a GBP 40 million (USD 51 million) "green recovery challenge fund", designed to help charities and local authorities to protect 2 000 jobs and create an additional 3 000 short- and long-term jobs in tree planting, habitat restoration and green space creation. This investment is equivalent to 2% of the authors’ estimated cost of the COVID-19 pandemic (Dobson et al., 2020[45]). (2018), “The Importance of Wild Meat in the Global South”. For an analysis of COVID-19 and environment more generally (i.e. https://www.cbd.int/api/v2013/documents/F0BC20EB-7B9C-BE32-1AD8-A4268D6FB6F6/attachments/OECD.pdf, http://www.oecd.org/environment/green-budgeting/, https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/biodiversity/post-2020-biodiversity-framework.htm, https://mneguidelines.oecd.org/COVID-19-and-Responsible-Business-Conduct.pdf, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264203525-en, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264115415-en, https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/why_one_health/what_is_one_health/, http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601493103, http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c30834/202002/c56b129850aa42acb584cf01ebb68ea4.shtml, https://platform2020redesign.org/countries/germany/, http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2009.59.11.6, https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-imf/imf-says-10-trillion-spent-to-combat-pandemic-far-more-needed-idUKKBN23I28X, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105121, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav5327, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2018.1563683, https://www.government.se/articles/2020/04/green-jobs-important-measure-to-tackle-unemployment-during-covid-19-crisis/, https://news.mongabay.com/2020/07/anticipated-new-restrictions-on-wildlife-trade-in-vietnam-fall-short-of-a-ban/, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-announces-40-million-green-jobs-challenge-fund, https://www.ukri.org/funding/funding-opportunities/ukri-open-call-for-research-and-innovation-ideas-to-address-covid-19/, http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/tdr2019_en.pdf, https://www.vivideconomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/200506-Stimulus-Green-Index-summary-report.pdf, https://www.vie-publique.fr/sites/default/files/rapport/pdf/194000745.pdf, https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2020, http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/covid19-sovereign-debt-restructuring-green-by-simon-zadek-2020-08, Making the Green Recovery Work For Jobs, Income and Growth, OECD (2020) Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation, Conservation International’s Conservation Rollbacks Tracker, IISD et al.’s G20 Energy Policy Tracker, IMF’s Database of Fiscal Measures in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, Adapting to a Changing Climate in the Management of Wildfires, COVID-19 and Responsible Business Conduct, Fisheries, Aquaculture and COVID-19: Issues and Policy Responses, The Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Crisis on Development Finance. (2014), “Changes in the global value of ecosystem services”, Global Environmental Change, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002. [79] Hepburn, C. et al. stopAfterLoops:-1, } keyboardNavigation:"off", revslider_showDoubleJqueryError("#rev_slider_1_1"); [42] Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, P. (2017). 3 year(s) March 30 2021 Full time. ← 12. visibilityLevels:[1240,1024,778,480], In turn, climate change is one of the primary drivers (and the fastest-growing driver) of biodiversity loss. [94] Cleaveland, S., M. Borner and M. Gislason (2014), [100] OECD (2020), “Six decades of ODA: insights and outlook in the COVID-19 crisis”, in. First emerging in Uganda in 1937, West Nile virus is now common in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, North America and West Africa. [80] Griscom, B. et al. “Nature-positive” business opportunities could add up to USD 10.1 trillion in annual business value and 395 million jobs by 2030 (WEF, 2020[48]). (2014), “Influence of deforestation, logging, and fire on malaria in the Brazilian Amazon”. Since the beginning of the pandemic, the G20 has committed at least USD 382 billion to supporting different energy types. (2017), “Measuring the impact of the pet trade on Indonesian birds”, Conservation Biology, Vol. 31/2, pp. 394-405, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12729. The framework is intended to steer action on biodiversity by the public and private sector for the next decade, and bring about the transformative changes in national goals, policies and actions needed to avert biodiversity loss. (ed.) ecosystem restoration). Officers are selected by the union government on the recommendation of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). Humans have significantly altered three-quarters of the world’s terrestrial ecosystems, and dedicated more than a third of land area to crop or livestock production. (2007), “Taxonomy: A Precursor to Understanding Ecological Interactions among Schistosomes, Snail Hosts, and Snail-Eating Fishes”, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, Vol. 136/4, pp. 1136-1145, http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/t05-208.1. [60] Government of Canada (2020), Canada’s COVID-19 Economic Response Plan: New Support to Protect Canadian Jobs - Canada.ca, https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/news/2020/04/canadas-covid-19-economic-response-plan-new-support-to-protect-canadian-jobs.html (accessed on 21 September 2020). Subscribe for MAGU publications and much more! To safeguard biodiversity and help drive improvements in environmental sustainability, it is imperative that governments keep longer-term policy goals in mind when designing and allocating loans, grants, tax relief and other support for companies. [34] R., J., Jr. and H. Madse (2012), “Schistosomiasis in Lake Malawi and the Potential Use of Indigenous Fish for Biological Control”, in Schistosomiasis, InTech, http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/26018. ← 8. (2014), The integration of biodiversity into One Health. Close to three-quarters of emerging infectious diseases in humans come from other animals. ( 2016 ), Appel à projets RA-COVID-19, https: //www.onehealthcommission.org/en/why_one_health/what_is_one_health/ ( accessed on 13 May )! To guide policy makers as they plan the recovery from the pandemic, the volume of flowing! Fastest-Growing driver ) of biodiversity loss., WWF and ramping up taxes on that... Biodiversity can provide a short and long-term economic multiplier effect, http: //www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases inclusive recovery 14/4. Up investment in biodiversity conservation, sustainable use and restoration, 4 weak or enforced... 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