For example, many Finns went to Minnesota and Michigan, Swedes and Norwegians to Minnesota and the Dakotas, Irish to railroad centers along the transcontinental lines, Volga Germans to North Dakota, and German Jews to Portland, Oregon. The great majority were landowners, most of whom were also poor because they were starting with little property and had not yet cleared much land nor had they acquired the farm tools and animals which would one day make them prosperous. Abilene was near the end of a trail that had been established during the Civil War by Jesse Chisholm to take supplies to the Confederate army. [265] Some of the outlaws, such as Jesse James, were products of the violence of the Civil War (James had ridden with Quantrill's Raiders) and others became outlaws during hard times in the cattle industry. He set up the American Fur Company in an attempt to break the hold that the Hudson's Bay Company monopoly had over the region. Vote. After the American Revolution, the newly independent United States began securing its own frontier from the Appalachian Mountains westward for settlement and economic investment by American citizens. To combat this, the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance was established to give drumhead trials and death sentences to well-known offenders. They wanted to reduce waste; emphasized the value of natural beauty for tourism and ample wildlife for hunters; and argued that careful management would not only enhance these goals but also increase the long-term economic benefits to society by planned harvesting and environmental protections. Some returned with bags of gold and silver. It was a fine race for a few minutes, but soon the riders began to spread out like a fan, and by the time they reached the horizon they were scattered about as far as the eye could see". Wild West shows were traveling vaudeville performances in the United States and Europe that existed around 1870–1920. They explain, "It is a tale of conquest, but also one of survival, persistence, and the merging of peoples and cultures that gave birth and continuing life to America. Israel by contrast, operated in a very small geographical zone, surrounded by more powerful neighbors. [162], In 1889, Washington opened 2,000,000 acres (8,100 km2) of unoccupied lands in the Oklahoma territory. [318] The tribes that depended on the buffalo had little choice but to accept the government offer of reservations, where the government would feed and supply them on condition they did not go on the warpath. [360] Scholars have debunked many of the myths of the frontier, but they nevertheless live on in community traditions, folklore, and fiction. Quintard Taylor, "Texas: The South Meets the West, The View Through African American History". Each camp had its own rules and often handed out justice by popular vote, sometimes acting fairly and at times exercising vigilantes; with Indians (Native Americans), Mexicans, and Chinese generally receiving the harshest sentences.[97]. The state was the scene of numerous raids and guerrilla warfare in the west. Brégent-Heald Dominique. Despite huge profits being made, it fell into the hands of a few capitalists, displaced numerous miners, vast amounts of waste entered river systems, and did heavy ecological damage to the environment. The country now had 44 states. Actual gunfights in the Old West were more episodic than being a common thing, but when gunfights did occur, the cause for each varied. The nearest railheads were 800 or more miles (1300+ km) north in Kansas (Abilene, Kansas City, Dodge City, and Wichita). [251] Criminals found many opportunities to rob pioneer families of their possessions, while the few underfunded lawmen had great difficulty detecting, arresting, holding, and convicting wrongdoers. [178], One of the deadliest Indian wars fought was the Snake War in 1864–1868, which was conducted by a confederacy of Northern Paiute, Bannock and Shoshone Native Americans, called the "Snake Indians" against the United States Army in the states of Oregon, Nevada, California, and Idaho which ran along the Snake River. Several new denominations were formed, of which the largest was the Disciples of Christ. Lincoln pardoned the majority, but 38 leaders were hanged. However, frontier areas of 1700 that had good river connections were increasingly transformed into plantation agriculture. Transylvania attracted politically ambitious young men from across the Southwest, including 50 who became United States senators, 101 representatives, 36 governors, and 34 ambassadors, as well as Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederacy. In 1805–1806, Army lieutenant Zebulon Pike (1779–1813) led a party of 20 soldiers to find the headwaters of the Mississippi. One of Turner's last students, Merle Curti used an in-depth analysis of local Wisconsin history to test Turner's thesis about democracy. [331] Remington lamented the passing of an era he helped to chronicle when he wrote: I knew the wild riders and the vacant land were about to vanish forever...I saw the living, breathing end of three American centuries of smoke and dust and sweat. As defined by Hine and Faragher, "frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities, the use of the land, the development of markets, and the formation of states." [260], Tombstone, Arizona, was a turbulent mining town that flourished longer than most, from 1877 to 1929. Like the mining towns in California and Nevada, cattle towns such as Abilene, Dodge City, and Ellsworth experienced a short period of boom and bust lasting about five years. Known as the Exodusters, they were lured by the prospect of good, cheap Homestead Law land and better treatment. Unlike the North, where small towns and even cities were common, the South was overwhelmingly rural. In the aftermath, Virgil Earp was maimed in an ambush, and Morgan Earp was assassinated while playing billiards. This did not change until the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, known as the McCarran-Walter Act, which allowed Japanese immigrants to become naturalized U.S. citizens. Soon gold was discovered in Colorado, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Idaho, Montana, and South Dakota (by 1864). The West End is known for Victorian era homes with stained glass windows, front porches, and gingerbread trim. Between 1870 and 1890, manufacturing output soared from $600,000 to $40 million, and the population grew by a factor of 20 times to 107,000. Report Save. [277] The image of a Wild West filled with countless gunfights was a myth based on repeated exaggerations. Conflicts erupted in the 1850s, resulting in various Indian wars. In fact, the era known as the Wild West, or the American Frontier, began after the Civil War in 1865 and ended around 1895. [113] The Mormons often sold goods to wagon trains passing through and came to terms with local Indian tribes because Young decided it was cheaper to feed the Indians than fight them. [123] By 1860 the pro-slavery forces were in control—but Kansas had only two slaves. However, the gang’s short-lived criminal career only spanned a few months in 1897. Early Canadiana Online. Land ownership brought a degree of independence as well as a vote for local and provincial offices. [116] After the Civil War the federal government systematically took control of Utah, the LDS Church was legally disincorporated in the territory and members of the church's hierarchy, including Young, were summarily removed and barred from virtually every public office. [307] As open range ranching and the long drives gave way to fenced-in ranches in the 1880s, by the 1890s the glory days of the cowboy came to an end, and the myths about the "free-living" cowboy began to emerge. A few hundred foreigners were scattered in the northern districts, including some Americans. Jim West had returned again and again over the decades. Alfred A. Cave, "Abuse of Power: Andrew Jackson and The Indian Removal Act of 1830". Santa Fe was also the trailhead for the "El Camino Real" (the King's Highway), a trade route which carried American manufactured goods southward deep into Mexico and returned silver, furs, and mules northward (not to be confused with another "Camino Real" which connected the missions in California). hide. The American frontier, also known as the Old West or the Wild West, includes the geography, history, folklore, and cultural expression of life in the forward wave of American expansion that began with European colonial settlements in the early 17th century and ended with the admission of the last few territories as states in 1912. The cattle also needed to be dehorned and examined and treated for infections. Clad in typical frontier garb, leather breeches, moccasins, fur cap, and hunting shirt, and girded by a belt from which hung a hunting knife and a shot pouch—all homemade—the pioneer presented a unique appearance. Finally, in 1890, the church leadership announced polygamy was no longer a central tenet, thereafter a compromise. [174] This exodus has become known as The Trail of Tears (in Cherokee "Nunna dual Tsuny", "The Trail Where they Cried"). Early on there was a criminal element as well. A few steam-driven machines, such as shovels, were used. The prairies, they were promised, did not mean backbreaking toil because "settling on the prairie which is ready for the plow is different from plunging into a region covered with timber". North Carolina was representative. The camera may have missed Lewis and Clark’s explorations in the early part of the century, but it preserved many of … [173], The forced march of about twenty tribes included the "Five Civilized Tribes" (Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Seminole). 77–92 in. As the nation grew, "Manifest Destiny" became a rallying cry for expansionists in the Democratic Party. However many did report harassment by Indians who begged or demanded tolls, and stole horses and cattle. [232], On the Great Plains very few single men attempted to operate a farm or ranch; farmers clearly understood the need for a hard-working wife, and numerous children, to handle the many chores, including child-rearing, feeding, and clothing the family, managing the housework, and feeding the hired hands. Cats opened in the West End in 1981 and closed 21 years later in 2002, making it London’s longest-running musical until Les Misérables overtook it in 2006. [159], The fearful stayed home. The financial stories were often complex. Lynching and the Wild West. In providing for Indian reservations, Congress and the Office of Indian Affairs hoped to de-tribalize Native Americans and prepare them for integration with the rest of American society, the "ultimate incorporation into the great body of our citizen population". 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